Relating to the military expeditions undertaken primarily by the Church and European Christians through the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to reclaim the Holy Land, the Crusades mark a chapter in ...

Concentric castles - with two curtain (outer) walls - were developed during the crusades, and these ideas were used to improve and fortify castles back in Europe. Islamic armies had used gunpowder ...

They support the idea that far from thinking of themselves as European, the English who went on Crusades and came back to create these tiles were in deep conversation with Arab culture.