Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies are collectively referred to as observational studies. Often these studies are the only practicable method of studying various problems, for example, ...

The simplest way to evaluate an intervention is to compare outcomes before and after implementation of the intervention. This method is known as an uncontrolled before-after study. The term ...

Objective Whole blood (WB) resuscitation has been reported to improve haemostasis and reduce mortality in trauma patients with severe haemorrhage. However, the ideal ratio of WB to total transfusion ...

A 52 year old man was admitted to an emergency department with a fast ventricular rate atrial fibrillation after an electrical shock. Electrical cardioversion was attempted after echocardiographic ...

Background/aim In ED chest pain patients, a 0-hour/1-hour protocol based on high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) tests combined with clinical risk stratification in diagnosing acute coronary ...

Background This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the STANDING algorithm for central vertigo across different emergency departments (EDs). Secondary outcomes compared STANDING with ...

Objectives To evaluate the role of ambulance response times in improving survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods OHCAs were identified by sampling consecutive life-threatening ...

Background Over the last 10 years, research has highlighted emerging potential risk factors for poor outcomes following blunt chest wall trauma. The aim was to update a previous systematic review and ...

Introduction There is uncertainty about the best way to measure emergency department crowding. We have previously developed a consensus-based measure of crowding, the International Crowding Measure in ...

Objective: To see whether three hours of combined doctor and nurse triage would lead to earlier medical assessment and treatment and whether this benefit would carry on for the rest of the day when ...

This practice review addresses the management of haemophilia and heritable bleeding disorders in the ED. These disorders are uncommonly encountered by the emergency physician, but prompt and ...

Background The term ‘moral injury’ may be useful in conceptualising the negative psychological effects of delivering emergency and prehospital medicine as it provides a non-pathological framework for ...