After the Russian Empire’s collapse, the USSR hemorrhaged aristocrats, artists, and intellectuals. The first refugee wave ...

But the revolution actually played out over five horrific years known as the Russian Civil War. A century ago this summer, the anti-Bolshevik White forces were running a fully functional ...

Defeated by the Red Army in the Russian Civil War of 1918–20, the Whites spent the next two decades in exile in Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, and beyond, yearning to liberate Russia from what they ...

The civil war scattered between one and two million White Russians ... on our suitcases' - The emigre community swarmed with Soviet spies, as some defeated Russian officers continued plotting ...

Franco needed a command staff, and the hugely experienced White officers fit the bill perfectly. Of the 72 Russian émigrés who took part in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Francoists ...

Their leaders were experienced military commanders They controlled huge areas of Russia ... in the Civil War on their behalf. However, as the Civil War developed, the White Armies began to face ...

The distinctive Orthodox cross and tiny church cupolas crown the tombstones, most inscribed with the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. Many bear black-and-white images of the interred — some 12,000 ...

Even a cemetery in France is affected by Putin's war SAINTE-GENEVIÈVE ... most inscribed with the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. Many bear black-and-white images of the interred — some 12,000 ...