Some find it plausible that a sufficiently long duration of torture is worse than any duration of mild headaches. Similarly, it has been claimed that a million humans living great lives is better than ...

Modal logic, an extension of classical logic, investigates the modes of truth such as necessity and possibility. Its development has been closely intertwined with advances in proof theory, a field ...

Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent six days a week. Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. IN THE SUMMER of 1956, a small group of computer science pioneers ...

Then in the early 20th century, Jan Lukasiewicz proposed a three-valued logic (true, possible, false), which never gained wide acceptance. In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh of the University of California at ...

Polymath Christine Ladd-Franklin is best known for her theory of the evolution of color vision, but her research spanned mathematics, symbolic logic, philosophy, biology and psychology. Born in ...