Secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages can be used to quantify bottom-up linkages with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs and trophic position ...

A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 91, 2742-2755 (2010). Power, M. E. Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs.

For example cats, dogs and lions. Predators Kill for food. They are either secondary or tertiary consumers. Prey The animals that predators feed on. Scavengers Feed on dead animals. For example ...

Lake ecosystems can receive high inputs of terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) that microbes make available to higher trophic level ... biomass transfer in lake food webs can be studied with stable ...