Secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages can be used to quantify bottom-up linkages with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs and trophic position ...

Lake ecosystems can receive high inputs of terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) that microbes make available to higher trophic level consumers ... The role of land use in terrestrial support of boreal ...

The second trophic level consists of herbivores ... a pond improves the reproductive success of a plant on land (Ricklefs 2008). Food webs can be used to study bottom-up or top-down control ...

The feeding sequence, showing the energy flow from producers to consumers, is called a food chain. Each step is called a trophic level: producers are on the first trophic level 1, primary ...

Lake ecosystems can receive high inputs of terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) that microbes make available to higher trophic level consumers. A research group examined terrestrial reliance of 19 ...

Lake ecosystems can receive high inputs of terrestrial organic matter (t-OM) that microbes make available to higher trophic level consumers ... Energy from food webs is reflected in fishes ...