The Voynich manuscript has long been shorthand for the unsolved and the unknowable, a late medieval codex filled with looping ...

Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

Since ancient times, people have relied on cryptography, the art of writing and solving coded messages, to keep their secrets secure. In the fifth century, enciphered messages were inscribed on ...

Cryptographic algorithms lie at the heart of modern information security, and substitution box (S‐box) design is a critical component in achieving robust encryption. S‐boxes provide the nonlinearity ...